Indian Telecom Industry - Microeconomic Perspective

CONTENTS 1. Acknowledgement 2. Introduction a. Overview of the Industry b. Timeline of the Indian Telecom Market 3. Market Structure: Present Scenario and Competitive Environment a. Barriers to Entry in a telecom market b. Overview of Market Structure and Evolution c. Universal Service Obligation d. Competitive Profile of the Telecom Sector e. License Conditions Inhibiting Competition f. Spectrum Assignment and Pricing g. Interconnection Charges h. Tariffs for Basic Service i. Features of Indian Telecom Tariffs j. Issues with Present Tariff Structure 4. Microeconomic Analysis a. Demand and Supply b. Costs c. Basic Economic Cost Concepts d. Concept of Costs used for determining prices e. Pricing Methodologies 5. Issues Raised a. Critical†¦show more content†¦Set up in 1997, the TRAI is responsible facilitating interconnection and technical interconnectivity between operators, regulating revenue sharing, ensuring compliance with license conditions, facilitating competition and settling disputes between service providers. The TRAI cannot grant or renew licenses and this remains the DoTs responsibility. The TRAI may also set the rates for telecommunications services. Its decisions can only be challenged by the High Courts or Supreme Courts of India. Table shows a chronological history of Indian Telecom Industry. Mid 80s Department of Telecommunications set up Mr. 86 VSNL incorporated to provide international telecom services Apr. 86 MTNL incorporated to provide fixed-line telephone services in Mumbai and New Delhi Dec. 91 DoT invites bids from Indian companies for cellular licenses in the four metropolitan circles May 94 Government announces the National Telecom Policy, opening up the basic service sector to private players Sept. 94 Entry guidelines for basic services announced Nov. 94 Licenses were issued to cellular operators in the four metros Jan. 95 Tenders floated for basic operators as well as cellular operators in non-metro sectors. Mar. 95 Paging services by private operators commence Oct. 96 Licenses for 20 cellular circles issued Jan. 97 TelecomShow MoreRelatedChina vs. India: The Favorable Investment Destination6007 Words   |  25 Pagesthe other, there is India, a democracy, historically under the control of Indian National Congress but having a trend of coalition governments in power for some time now. In terms of the economic situation China contributed 13% of the world GDP in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms in 2004 . In the same year, contribution by India amounted to 6% of the total world GDP. In case of China the focus area has been Industry that increased its share in GDP from 42% in 1990 to 53% in 2003 . 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Cross Cultural Communication Important For Businesses

In this report, I will justify, why is cross cultural communication important for businesses in the 21st century. Cross cultural communication is a very important factor for businesses in these days because of the rapid economic development hence globalisation. Therefore, knowledge and understanding of a cultural diversity are a must especially for businesses operated worldwide to correctly react to body language, symbols, gestures or situations that can be easily misunderstood due to cultural differences and can lead to the unsuccessful transactions, contracts or a business as a whole, for example, Americans or British use the gesture thumb up to express that everything going well, while in Bangladesh it means rude or awful. 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Beowulf Comparison Essay Free Essays

Warthogs is turned from a wise old king to a loud drug ink, the battle with Grenade’s Mother is filled with sex and seduction instead of victory and t he theme bravery tends to come of more as one of cowardice and regret. Warthogs, the king of Danes, is present in both the movie and the story Oboe elf. In the reading, Warthogs is portrayed as a wise king, strong from his years of bat TTL, always wanting to protect all who live in his land and feeling grief when they die. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf Comparison Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"The wise old king, Trembled in anger and grief, his dearest, Friend and advisor dead† (1307 309). After Greened is defeated, his mother seeks revenge on the kingdom and takes one of their own. Having not been able to do anything, Warthogs is heartbroken at the death. H forever, in the film Warthogs comes of as a loud drunk, constantly carrying the burden of his past days. H?s carried into the castle on top of his throne with mead in one hand scream mining and cheering. At points he becomes demanding, especially of his queen Wealth w for he wants a child from her. But his past catches up, she will not lie with him for he already laid next to Grenade’s Mother. Changes are made to make the film more relatable to people in this time. The movie and the story are alive with differences like the formation n of Greened, how he is the offspring of Warthogs and Grenade’s Mother, and Warthogs been g loud and drunk all the time nevertheless, similarities can be seen as well. In both medium ms Warthogs is king strong from his battles and wanting to protect his people and land. Zee emcees has taken some elements from the book but has turned others into ones that Poe peel nowadays could relate with. The battle with Grenade’s Mother can be found in both the film and the story, UT is completely different in each. In Beowulf, the battle with Grenade’s Mother is if race and exciting with Beowulf close to death, gaining a surge of strength to finally deft at her. â€Å"And struck with all the strength he had left, Caught her in the neck and cut it throw GHz, Broke bones and all. Her body fell, To the floor, lifeless, the sword was wet with her blood, and Beowulf rejoiced at the sight† (1 5651 569). Beowulf fought to the death, willing to give everything and only to be saved by the armor he wore. Grenade’s Mother was killed with age, her death greatly celebrated. But, the film Beowulf has the fight with Gar endless Mother not really a fight at all, rather a scene Of seduction and weakness. Bee wolf strides into battle alone, using the dragon cup as his light source and not wearing an y armor. He encounters Grenade’s Mother and is struck by her beauty. She offers him glory y and riches in return for a child, and Beowulf is quick to oblige. He then returns to the kin smog and announces he has killed the mighty shabbiest. The film had this scene repress NT weakness instead of power as it did in the book. Likewise, the travel to Grenade’s Mother ‘s lair is like night and day. In the Story, Beowulf travels with twelve men and must fight SE a monsters to get to her cave but, in the movie he travels with only Wigwag and there are n o monsters to fend off. The biggest difference though is obvious, he kills Grenade’s Mother in the story and in the film he sleeps with her. Despite the many differences, we are able t o see at least one similarity. Grenade’s Mother can not be harmed by any mortal sword. Con exclusively, the â€Å"Hollywood effect† is seen as a battle scene becomes a sex scene. Lastly, we can see the theme of bravery illustrated in the movie and the story. In the story Beowulf bravery is a necessary thing for all warriors, to continue to go in to battle and fight for what’s right without fear. â€Å"His soul sensed how close fate Had com e, felt something, not fear, but knowledge, Of old age. His armor was strong, but his arm, Hung like his heart. Body and soul , Might part, here; his blood might be spilled, His spirit torn from his flesh† (14711472). A dragon has been woken up and is now terrorizing Beowulf kingdom. Even in his old age, Beowulf is ready to fight and ready to rooter his people, aware that this could be his final battle. Throughout the book, Beowulf f charges into battle without fear for the good of the people. Always doing what must be do nee, be damned the consequences. On the other hand, bravery is seen in a different light in t he film. Beowulf does not see himself as brave for the curse bestowed on him so man y years ago has protected him to this day. The people do not know of the curse however and see him as one of the bravest of men. In a way you can’t kill me, my friend, ’cause I died many, any years ago when I was young† (Beowulf says in the film). He sees himself as weak having succumbed to Grenade’s mother all those years ago. â€Å"He was the brave stop us. He was the prince of all warriors. His name will live on forever'(Wigwag says in the film). The people in his kingdom, and around the world still see Beowulf as a mighty war ROR, the brav est of them all and someone who will charge into any battle. In the story, knows he is brave and wants to remembered for his bravery and glory. Be that t as it may, in the film Beowulf feels cowardice, constantly feeling the weight of Grenade’s M there and her promises. He does not see himself as brave but rather as a wimp. In both mediums, Beowulf will forever be remembered as the brave monster slayer. Once again, Cosmetics twists the theme of bravery but keeps some aspects the same. Warthogs is an old king filled with wisdom in the story Beowulf, but is portrayer d as loud and drunk in the film. The battle with Grenade’s Mother is filled with sex and seduction instead of glory and power. The theme bravery is turned more into one of regret and cowardice for Beowulf in the film. Movies made from books usually tend o lack the details that make the story unique and twist them into something completely different. As Care stated, watching your book turned into a movie can be almost devastate Eng. The book was definitely the better of the two. Beowulf is a classic story that gives us a s ensue of what life was before us. We are able to understand their views and also their way o f life. The film demolished those aspects and instead shows us how it would be now. Movies take the main idea of a book but leave out all the parts that make that certain book special a ND enjoyable. How to cite Beowulf Comparison Essay, Essays

Causative Verb and Form free essay sample

Causative have/get is used to persuade or ask someone to do something for us. Form 1 : S + HAVE + NOUN + V1 ( active ) 1. I have John wash my car. 2. She has Rudi paint her house. 3. Tommy had Tini boil water yesterday. 4. I will have Gunadi sell my car. Form 2 : S + HAVE + NOUN + V3 ( passive ) 1. I have my car washed. 2. She has her house painted. 3. Tommy had water boiled yesterday. 4. I will have my car sold. Form 3 : S + GET + NOUN + to V1 ( active ) 1. I get John to wash my car. 2. She gets Rudi to paint her house. 3. Tommy got Tini to boil water yesterday. 4. I will get Gunadi to sell my car. Form 4 : S + GET + NOUN + V3 ( passive ) 1. I get my car washed. 2. She gets her house painted. 3. Tommy got water boiled yesterday. 4. I will get my car sold. CAUSATIVE VERBS: HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE Have something done and Get something done are both used to refer to actions which are done for the subject rather than by the subject. Causative verbs are used instead of passive verbs to show that the subject causes the action to be done. 1. Have something done I don? t know how to repair cars, so I? m having mine repaired at the garage round the corner. 2. Get something done I really must get my eyes tested. I? m sure I need glasses. Get your hair cut! NOTE: The differences between have and get something done are that have is slightly more formal than get, and that get is more frequent than have in the imperative form. NON-CAUSATIVE USES OF HAVE AND GET Have and get are also used to refer to events which happened to someone, but were outside their control. After being late for work every day for two weeks, Billy had his pay reduced. I stood so close to the fire that I got my legs burnt. EXERCISE 1 Rewrite these sentences using have or get. 1. The mechanic changed the oil in my car. I had the oil in my car changed. 2. The hairdresser cut my hair in a completely different style. I had my hair cut in a completely new style. 3. A decorator has repainted our house. We have had our house repainted. 4. A friend of mine, who? s an electrician, is going to repair my DVD player next week. I? m going to have my DVD player repaired next week by a friend of mine, who? s an electrician. 5. My jacket is being cleaned at a specialist cleaner? s. I? m having my jacket cleaned at a specialist cleaner? s. 6. The town hall has just been rebuilt for the council. The council have just had the town hall rebuilt. EXERCISE 2 Match a word from 1-8 with something that is done by that person or in that place. Then make sentences using all the information and the verb in brackets. You may have to change the words or add new ones. An example is given. 1. Tomorrow I? m going to the hairdresser? s to get my hair cut. 2. Yesterday I went to the optician? s to have my eyes tested. 3. This afternoon I? m going to the dentist to have a tooth taken out. 4. Last week I went to the doctor? s to have my blood pressure taken. 5. Next Saturday I? m going to the vet? s to have my dog vaccinated. 6. The day before yesterday I went to the garage to get my car serviced. . Last year I saw the architect to have my new house designed. 8. Next week I? m talking my accountant to have my annual accounts done. Certain verbs can be used to express a causal relationship between the subject and object in a sentence. Some of them require a to while others do not. Note the following patterns: With to S + V + O + to V (O) I allowed Jim t o clean up the mess. I asked Jim to clean up the mess. I told Jim to clean up the mess. I persuaded Jim to clean up the mess. *Without to S + V + O + V (O) I let Jim clean up the mess. I had Jim clean up the mess. I made Jim clean up the mess. Other verbs which use this pattern are require, command, force, order, remind, and urge. The verb helpcan be used with or without to: Help Jim (to) clean up the mess. Some verbs use the pattern, S + V that S + V (the second verb is in the base form) I insisted that Laura do her homework. I suggested that Laura do her homework. I recommended that Laura do her homework. (not does) *Other verbs which can be used with this pattern are ask, require, request, and demand. The most common error with causatives is using to unnecessarily. For example, We made Kevin to finish his supper. We made Kevin finish his supper. They suggested Irene to take music lessons. They suggested that Irene take music lessons. (Incorrect) (Correct) (Incorrect) (Correct) When a subject does not do a work himself/herself, and takes the help of some other person or force that person to do that work, then we need to form a sentence with the help of a causative verb. 1. GET A. Use get according to tense, B. Place object after the causative verb, C. Main verb always in 3rd form:: CV + Object + V 3rd (main verb). 1. I have got the sums solved. 2. She will get the letter written by Ravi. 3. Are you getting your house pained? 2. MAKE 1. Use make according to tense, 2. Object is the person who is compelled, 3. Main verb always in first form:: CV + Object + V 1st form (main verb) 1. He made me laugh. 2. She made the children clean the room. 3. Who is making her cry? 4. Please don’t make him tell a lie. 3. HELP 1. Use help according to tense, 2. Object is the person who is helped, 3. Main verb always in first form:: CV + Object + V 1st form (main verb). (In these sentences a person is helped to do a certain things). 1. Help the guests wash their hands. 2. She helped the children do the work. 4. HAVE (Same as get in use and meaning) 1. I have had the sums solved. 2. He will have the letter written by Merry. 3. They had the tiger killed by the hunter. 5. KEEP CV + Object (person) + V 1st form + ing. There is generally a period of time in these sentences. 1. They kept her washing the clothes for 2 hours. (They compelled her to wash the clothes for 2 hours) 2. Did you kept him waiting for one hour? 6. CAUSE CV + Object (person) + V 1st form. Instead of a person there are circumstances, things etc. which compel a person to do a certain thing. 1. Fatigue caused him to sleep. (Due to fatigue he slept) 2. Does poverty cause people to commit crime?